Thesis Statement: In every conflict, there are 5 basic dimensions to it; the conflict in
Peru included all these 5 dimensions of conflict, as it was a colossal case.
Topic Sentence Paragraph 1: This conflict can be classified as an 'intergroup' conflict.
- More than 1 group invovled.
- Shining Path, Tuapac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Peruvian government/military.
- Shining Path = Maoist political group/leader = communist.
- Shining Path's philosophy = Maoist = Attack from countryside inwards towards the heart of
the country.
- Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement = Created from the merging of Marxist-Leninst
Revolutionary Socialist Party and the militant faction of the Revolutionary Left movement
(The militant government from 1968-1980).
- The MRTA took its name in homage to Tupac Amaru ll, an 18th-century rebel leader who was
himself named after his ancestor Tupac Amaru,
- People of importance to conflict.
* Peruvian Military leader - General Juan Vealesco
* President of Peru in 1975 - Francisco Morales Bermudez
* Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) leader - Abimael Guzman
* Indigenous peasents - Quecha and Aymara
* Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (Moviemiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru) Leader -
Victor Polay Campos and Nestor Cerpa Cartolini
* Government of Peru (Administrator) - Alberto Fujimori
* President of Peru at the time of Conflict - Fernando Belaunde Terry
* President of Peru after conflict - Alejandro Toledo
- More organized list:
Government forces:
Flag of Peru (state).svg Fernando Belaúnde Terry
Flag of Peru (state).svg Alan García
Flag of Peru (state).svg Alberto Fujimori
Opposing Forces:
Flag of Sendero Luminoso.svg Abimael Guzmán (Surrender)
Flag of Sendero Luminoso.svg Óscar Ramírez (Surrender)
Flag of Sendero Luminoso.svg Comrade Artemio
Flag of the MRTA.svg Víctor Polay (Surrender)
Flag of the MRTA.svg Néstor Cerpa Cartolini (Killed in Battle)
Topic Sentence Paragraph 2: The sources of this conflict were diverse.
- Fight over power/values against government. - Communism
- From 1968-1980, Peru experiences military regime from leader called General Juan Velasco
Alvarado.
- Democratic elections were held in 1980, along with the rise of president Fransisco
Morales Bermundez.
- Shining Path, a left-ist organization created by Abimael Guzaman during the Velasco
regime, disagreed to take part in democratic elections.
- Shining Path launches a guerrilla war against state. (In the highlands ofthe province of
Ayacucho).
- MRTA's primary goal was to reform the Peruvian government and create a society in which
ownership of property was shared and everyone enjoyed similar levels of prosperity -
Communism.
Topic Sentence Paragraph 3: The relationships between the parties contribute greatly to the
outbreak of hostality in this conflict.
- Hostile to all others.
- Shining Path and MRTA ingaged in combat as well.
- 3 way battle.
- Shining Path = Left-ist party during the regime of Velasco.
- Communist party - Abimael Guzman = Communist professor of philosophy at the San Cristóbal
of Huamanga University.
- MRTA = Created from the merging of Marxist-Leninst Revolutionary Socialist Party and the
militant faction of the Revolutionary Left movement (The militant government from 1968-
1980).
- Communist revolutionary group active in Peru from early 1980s to 1997.
Topic Sentence Paragraph 4: Lasting over 2 decades, the history of this conflict is
complex.
- Lasted 2 decades.
- The first attacks from Shining Path = May 17, 1980 - Burned ballot boxes to sabotage
democratic elections. Town of Chuschi, Ayaucucho.
- The first attacks from MRTA = 31 May 1982, when five of its members, including Victor
Polay Campos and Jorge Talledo Feria (members of the Central Committee) robbed a bank in La
Victoria, Lima.
- During the hold up, Talledo was killed by friendly fire and became the first loss of the
movement.
-Government react in extreme military tactics in reaction to these attacks (Many policemen
killed). Under the control of president Fernando Belaunde Terry.
- These physical outbreaks were common.
- Shining Path attacked police, military, and civilians that it considered to be 'class
enemies.'
- Escalation of conflict:
-Various Massacares from Shining Path
-Massacares from Government --> La Cantuta Massacare, Barrios Altos Massacare, Santa
Massascare, committed by Peruvian inteligence agencies (Grupo Colina).
- July 16 1992, Shining Path bombs the city of Lima in Peru to 'escalate; the plans.
Exploded at 9:15 pm, killing 24 wounding up to 200. Blasted 183 homes, 400 buisnesses and
63 cars. Starting with the bombing, Shining Path started a week long strike against the
Peruvian Government - killing 40 / Shut down capital.
- MRTA = Not much action invovled. Biggest action was the Japanese Embassy Hostage Crisis
--> December 17, 1996 MRTA took hostage of hunderds of high-class diplomats, government and
military officials in the party held at the residence of the Japanese ambassador to Peru.
Morihisha Aoki. Party was in celebration of Emperor Akhito's 63rd birthday. Hostaged for
126 days.
- However, on September 12, 1992, Abimael Guzman and many Shining Path officials were
caught by the police, hididng in an apartment. --> Shining Path replaces the leader by
Oscar Ramirez, but he is captured in 1999. Shining Path dies out greatly.
- MRTA = least damage. Leader = guilty.
Quote: "[Fujimori’s] strong-arm tactics in defeating Peru’s two main guerrilla movements
has previously given him popularity." [BBC News, February 24, 2000].
Topic Sentence Paragraph 5: However, despite all the hostality, the conflict eventually
came to an end.
- Conflict came to an end when all the leaders were caught and imprisoned.
- In June 2001, the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission was created.
- Purpose = examine attrocities committed from 1980s-1990s
- Focused on massacares, dissapearences, human rights violences, terrorist attacks, and
violence against women committed my Shining Path, MRTA and military of Peru.
- Politicians, military commanders, and members of the congress were among those against
the TRC.
- Shining Path= most responsible, military = 2nd responsible, MRTA = least responsible.
- Shining Path caused death/disappearences of 31, 331 people, 46% of total deaths, which is
69,280.
- 75% of the victims of Shining Path spoke Quecha as their native language.
- MRTA was responsible for 1.5% of all deaths investigated.
- Victor Polay = found guilty on nearly 30 crimes committed during conflict.
- 35% of victim deaths were caused by government troops.
- President Alverto Fujimori fled the country after a corruption and bribery scandal.
- Several initiatives offered reparations to the victims of human rights abuses and their
families and to assist with development in areas affected by violence. --> Small role.
- In August 2006, council of ministers approved the payment of 15 million soles for
reparations and designated antoher 30 million for reparations from voluntary contributions
by the mining industry.
Quote: "A top Peruvian judge issued an international arrest warrant for the arrest of
Alberto Fujimori. Supreme Court Judge Jose Luis Lecaros declared Fujimori an absent
criminal for failing to appear before him to answer charges that he abandoned the duties of
his office." [CNN, August 28, 2001].
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